An Improved BGP Internet Graph for Optimizing Refraction Proxy Placement

Longitudinal AS topology studies cited by the authors show that 95% of core-to-core AS links remain unchanged year-over-year and that large transit providers adjust their peering only gradually, with almost all churn occurring at the customer edge. This implies that high-usage transit ASes identified for RN proxy deployment are likely to retain their topological position for months to years, lending temporal robustness to placement recommendations derived from a single measurement snapshot.

§5.5 evaluation generic

Proxy placement requirements vary dramatically by country topology: Turkmenistan requires just 1 AS for 75% coverage, Oman requires 3, Afghanistan 5, Iran 10, and China 12. Turkmenistan's extreme centralization means a single transit AS intercepts virtually all paths, whereas China's fragmented routing fabric demands far more deployment sites to achieve equivalent coverage.

§5.4, Table 4, Figure 6 evaluation dns-poisoningip-blocking cnirtm

When politically uncooperative ASes are excluded from the candidate pool — specifically Russia's AS12389 and Iranian transit ASes AS49100 and AS198154 — the framework recomputes cumulative coverage over remaining candidates and still identifies viable cooperative deployment sites for Iran. This demonstrates that geopolitical filtering can be incorporated into the placement optimization without losing coverage entirely.

§5.3, Figure 5 deployment ip-blocking ir

For Iran, a greedy cumulative-coverage analysis over 22,799 resolver-to-uncensored-AS paths shows that the top 5 ASes cover 59% and the top 10 ASes cover 76.6% of all DNS resolution paths. AS3257 (GTT Communications) and AS174 (Cogent Communications) each appear in approximately 15.7% of paths and contribute nearly all their usage as unique (non-overlapping) paths.

§5.2, Figure 3–4 evaluation dns-poisoningip-blocking ir

An AS+IXP multigraph fusing CAIDA traceroutes (13.6M paths), 256M BGP updates from RouteViews/RIPE RIS, and IXP membership data yields 87,157 AS vertices, 1,588 IXP vertices, and 510,810 edges — an order of magnitude richer than BGP-only baselines. Hidden private peering links and IXP fabric connections invisible to BGP alone materially affect coverage estimates for refraction networking proxy placement.

§1, §4.5 evaluation ip-blockingdns-poisoning generic