A/B testing across HTTP, HTTPS, VPN, and Shadowsocks traffic found no measurable difference in packet loss rates, ruling out censorship-targeted protocol throttling as the cause. Even at probe rates as low as one packet per 10 seconds, loss rates were similar across all protocol variants, indicating no per-connection or per-protocol speed throttling by the GFW.

Hop-by-hop bottleneck localization showed that in more than 71% of measured paths the first lossy hop is located deep inside China (beyond the border), with only 34.45% of bottleneck hops coinciding with the GFW hop as detected by RST injection probing — suggesting Chinese ISP infrastructure underprovisioning rather than GFW intervention as the primary cause.

§5, Figure 13 evaluation

The bottleneck exhibits strong and consistent diurnal patterns: 80–95% of receiver–sender pairs show a standard deviation of less than 3 hours in daily slowdown duration, and the patterns persist unchanged across weekends and national holidays (May 1–2 and October 1 national day). Packet loss is strictly asymmetric — occurring only for traffic entering China (inbound data and outbound ACK packets), not for traffic leaving China.

§4.2 Observation 2, Observation 3, Figure 10 evaluation

The Great Bottleneck of China affects 79% of measured receiver–sender pairs, with more than 70% of those pairs suffering throughput below 1 Mbps for more than 5 hours every day. M-Lab NDT data independently corroborates this: in 64% of 75,464 tests from China, download speed was below 500 kbps.

§3, §4.2 Observation 1, Figure 5 evaluation

Hong Kong is the sole geographic exception: it experiences no measurable slowdowns when accessing the foreign Internet, and Chinese mainland receivers accessing Hong Kong as a sender averaged only ~3 hours of slowdown per day — compared to 5–17 hours for US, European, and most Asian senders — making it an effective high-performance relay between mainland China and the rest of the world.

§3, §4.2 Observation 1, Figure 7 evaluation

During the June 2025 Iran shutdown, circumvention tool performance diverged sharply by transport design. Psiphon's multi-protocol architecture sustained 1.5 million concurrent users—roughly one-third of its normal Iranian base. Lantern's "proxyless" protocol (domain-fronting via CDN, ~40% of Lantern's Iranian traffic) showed moderate success. Tor usage collapsed during the blackout but bridge connections surged and rebounded quickly after lifting. BeePass (serving 500k+ daily users at shutdown onset) used live A/B testing of port/obfuscation-prefix combinations to probe the censors' blocking parameters in real time. The Ceno Browser's P2P network grew from 600 active peers on June 13 to ~8,000 by July 11, indicating that decentralized fallback paths stayed up even during peak blocking.

2025-iran-shutdown-measurement §Tool Performance dpithrottling

Article 19 documents that Iran's National Information Network (NIN / SHOMA) was designed with explicit reference to China's Great Firewall as a model, with institutional mirroring: Iran's Supreme Council of Cyberspace parallels China's Cyberspace Administration of China, and both governments share a "cyber sovereignty" doctrine used to justify domestic content controls and cross-border technology transfer. The report frames Iran's filtering infrastructure as deliberately architected to replicate GFW capabilities, not as an independently developed system.

2026-article19-tightening-the-net §2, §3 dpisni-blockingdns-poisoningip-blockingbgp-hijackthrottling

The report maps specific Belt and Road Initiative Digital Silk Road projects through which Chinese technology vendors have transferred censorship and surveillance infrastructure to Iran, including fiber backbone investments, data-center co-location agreements, and equipment supply chains. Specific vendors named include Huawei and ZTE as network infrastructure providers, with the report noting that equipment exports include filtering-capable hardware that Iran's ISPs have deployed at network choke points.

2026-article19-tightening-the-net §4, §5 dpisni-blockingthrottling

Psiphon's multi-protocol design maintained access for approximately 1.5 million users during the June 2025 Iran shutdown — roughly one-third of its normal user base — while traffic throttling rendered many single-protocol circumvention tools functionally useless for anything beyond basic text communication.

2025-miaan-stealth-blackout Executive Summary — Resilient Response dpithrottling

Between 21–25 June 2025, Iranian fixed-line networks partially restored access via TCP-based protocols (SSH, WebSockets) while mobile networks and UDP-based protocols remained heavily restricted, indicating deliberate asymmetric enforcement to restore domestic data-center operation without re-enabling VPN circumvention.

2025-piotrowska-nym-iran-blackout What is working now? (As of 25 June 2025) throttlingport-blockingdpi

TSPU devices perform in-line packet manipulation — they can inject RST packets, drop traffic, and throttle connections — rather than routing traffic to an out-of-band sniffer that votes to block. The inline placement means TSPU can act on the first-packet payload and impose latency on all matching flows, not only on those selected by sampling. Blocking decisions are therefore applied with high recall at the ISP edge, and circumvention tools that rely on short observation windows (e.g. only obfuscating the first N bytes) are vulnerable to continued inline inspection of subsequent traffic.

2024-xue-tspu-russia §3–§4 dpirst-injectionthrottlingsni-blocking